For lasting benefits, regular treatments may be recommended to help maintain optimal hydration and nutrient levels
Sanz-Cuesta T, Escortell-Mayor E, Cura-Gonzalez I et al (2020) Oral versus intramuscular administration of vitamin B12 for vitamin B12 deficiency in primary care: a pragmatic, randomized, non-inferiority clinical trial (OB12)
TABLE 1 Vitamin B12 Adequate Intake [AI] across life course (EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies), 2015
Ongoing needs depend on individual health and absorption issues, as determined by a healthcare provider
For the skin it is particularly relevant that many of the affected genes involve matrix proteins, growth factors and stress responses
All mechanistic descriptions above are derived from controlled laboratory investigations