13 Further research is needed to investigate the interconnected pathophysiologic roles of glucagon, GLP-1, and GIP while determining the niche for twincretin therapy in T2DM
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For example, cells expressing these receptors are found within the hippocampus, but PPG neurons do not project to this brain structure (Cork et al., 2015
Subsequently, in the large randomised placebo-controlled FIDELIO-DKD trial including adults with type 2 diabetes and CKD, finerenone reduced the risk of the primary kidney outcome (a composite of kidney failure, sustained eGFR decline 40% or kidney death) by ~20% [69]
Some common GLP-1 brand names include Ozempic, Wegovy, Mounjaro and Zepbound
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