Early models based on thermodynamic equilibrium (with an assumed chondritic composition of Europas rocky interior) suggested an alkaline magnesium sulfate-dominated ocean (pH 6 to 13), and at the time was thought to explain the detection of hydrated sulfates on the surface (Kargel et al., 2000
Dietary cause: daily B12 tablets between meals, or an injection roughly twice a year
Increased Energy Levels: B12 injections, in particular, can provide a significant energy boost, which can be beneficial for maintaining an active lifestyle
Labeling vials clearly and checking labels before each use prevents mix-ups
"Mitochondrial dysfunction in aging: Much progress but many unresolved questions." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics, 2015
Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism