As dietary fiber is vital for maintaining the colonic mucus barrier, fiber deficiency favors the proliferation of distinct microbial populations that degrade the colonic mucus layer and enable enhanced colonization and infiltration of opportunistic pathogens ( Akkermansia spp., relatively sparse in healthy subjects, are consistently enriched in PD samples versus controls (Wallen et al., 2020
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Vitamin B12 is mainly excreted from urine and bile
C/EBP-dependent autophagy inhibition hinders NK cell function in cancer
A medically supervised injection visit offers a few benefits: A trained provider helps decide if B12 injections fit your goals Dosing is measured and documented You can share your health history and medications You have space to ask questions in real time Most visits are fairly quick, and many people tolerate B12 injections well
Authors contributions Study concept and design (TOA, BOE, CNE, CON), acquisition of data (TOA), drafting of the manuscript (TOA, CON), critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content (TOA, BOE, CNE, CON), administrative, technical, or material support (BOE, CNE), and study supervision (CON)