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Halliday, G., Lees, A
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Furthermore, MC1R activation is thought to downregulate the mRNA expressions of liver cell transforming growth factor 1 (TGF-1), collagen 1, and various cell adhesion molecules, which are considered key contributors to fibrosis progression
The generation of ROS can be activated by endogenous factors, such as the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), NADPH oxidases (NOX), lipoxygenases (LOX), cytochrome P450, and xanthine oxidase (XO), or by exogenous causes such as pollutants, chemicals/drugs, radiation and heavy metals (Moussa et al., 2019)