Initially identified as a growth factor that stimulates the differentiation of bone marrow progenitor cells into granulocytes and macrophages, GM-CSF also activates various signaling pathways, including JAK/STAT, MAPK, and PI3K, through JAK2 activation, thereby influencing immune functions (6265)
Under hyperglycemic conditions, elevated diacylglycerol (DAG) activates protein kinase C (PKC)
It reflects early biological activity at the site
Protective effects of Clostridium butyricum in a murine model of dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis that involve inhibition of the TLR2 signaling pathway and T helper 17 cells
Both are early enough in development that the published endpoints are surrogates body weight, HbA1c, liver fat measured over trial-length follow-up
No wow, this is working moment