The effect is concentration-dependent and involves recruitment of macrophages, mast cells, and capillary endothelial cells to the wound site (Pickart et al., 2015)
With a vitamin B12 deficiency comes the risk of suffering from megaloblastic anemia, including symptoms of fatigue, weakness, pale skin, lack of appetite, infertility, and unexplained weight loss
Most people tolerate B12 well, even at high doses, as excess amounts are excreted through urine
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Although vitamin B12 is water-soluble and excess amounts are typically excreted in the urine, the body still stores significant quantities (primarily in the liver) with its levels continuously regulated
Previous studies have reported an increase in the levels of nerve growth factor [13], lactate [14], and interleukin (IL)-1 at the incision site [15]