Complex I activity was measured with the Complex I Enzyme Activity Kit (Abcam ab109721)
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Glutarate, a product of lysine or tryptophan catabolism, is a particularly interesting metabolite, as it can be conjugated to proteins or nonprotein substrates (for example, fatty acids), with diverse outcomes for mitochondrial function 5,6,7 , metabolism 8 and T cell immunity 9
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Analysis of metagenome and metabolome disclosed the mechanisms of Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide on DSS-induced ulcerative colitis-affected mice
These emerging insights, discussed below, underscore the need to translate redox biochemistry into clinical application through targeted interventions that restore and sustain glutathione function in the context of aging, neurodegeneration, immune dysfunction, and environmental toxin burden