Malabsorption from coeliac disease, Crohns, gastric surgery or long-term metformin and proton-pump inhibitors accounts for much of the rest
The biological effects attributed to this peptide appear to arise from its interaction with several interconnected physiological pathways
Data from a review of patient experiences and surveys involving more than 2200 patients with B12 deficiency in the UK indicate that many patients have concerns related to healthcare quality, safety, and treatment, with nearly two-thirds of respondents reporting that their treatment is insufficient to manage symptoms
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Disclaimer: The following information is not medical advice and is based on animal studies, preclinical research, and consumer testimonials
This essential vitamin plays a key role in keeping your body and mind healthy, but can be hard to get from diet alone, especially plant-based, and if you are anaemic