If DEXA is not available, bioelectrical impedance scales provide rough estimates that are useful for tracking trends even if the absolute numbers are not perfectly accurate

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For systemic or gut-related protocols, the abdominal fat pad at the navel region is used
This is especially relevant when combined with insulin or sulfonylureas
In contrast, modern GLP-1 receptor agonists have shown cardiovascular benefits in high-risk patients
GLPs have been in the market since 2006