Skin, hair, and nails Smoking can affect a persons physical appearance
Post-bronchodilator spirometry improves diagnostic specificity (Shlomi et al
Healthcare providers often use this data to predict potential risks such as lung cancer, COPD, and cardiovascular disease
Stanislaus Kostka Catholic Academy
Participant recruitment Participants were selected based on demographic and other criteria that the research team established to support an inclusive set of focus groups given variation in risk of initiation by income, race, and education [4649]
[21, 33] Focus groups of young adults who smoke have revealed that the visual, smell, and taste cues from the packaging of little cigars and cigarillos (LCCs) influence their decision to start smoking them or to switch from cigarettes to flavored LCCs